Desarrollo y Mantenimiento de Sistemas Informáticos

4º. 1er cuatrimestre. Itinerario de Sistemas de la Información. Grado en Ingeniería Informática. ULL

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The Async Module

Async is a utility module which provides straight-forward, powerful functions for working with asynchronous JavaScript. Although originally designed for use with Node.js and installable via

npm install async

it can also be used directly in the browser.

Map

async.map(['file1','file2','file3'], (file, cb) => fs.stat(file, cb),  function(err, results)  {
      // results is now an array of stats for each file
}); 

Documentation of Map

map(
     coll, 
     (item, cb) => iteratee(item,cb), 
     (err, results) => maincallback(err, results)
   )

    import map from 'async/map'; 
    // En Node.js
    const { map } = require('async')

Produces a new collection of values by mapping each value in coll through the iteratee function.
The iteratee is called with an item from coll and a callback cb for when it has finished processing.
Each of these callbacks cb take 2 arguments: an error, and the result of iteratee(item).
If iteratee passes an error to its callback cb, the maincallback (for the map function) is immediately called with the error.
Note, that since this function applies the iteratee to each item in parallel, there is no guarantee that the iteratee functions will complete in order. However, the results array will be in the same order as the original coll.

Ejemplo: Concatenación de ficheros

El objetivo es escribir un programa que usando fs.readFile lea un conjunto de ficheros pasados en vía de comandos y produzca como salida la concatenación de los mismos en el orden especificado, sin usar lecturas síncronas. La escritura debe ocurrir después que hayan terminado todas las lecturas.

He aquí una solución:

[~/.../ssh2-hello(master)]$ cat simp-reto-async-reading-multiple-files.js

'use strict';

const fs = require('fs'),
    { map } = require('async'),
    inputs = ['in1', 'in2'],
    output = 'out';

map(inputs, fs.readFile,
   (err, contents) => {
      if (err) console.log('Error: ' + error);
      else {
        const data = contents.reduce((a, b) => a + b);
        fs.writeFile(output, data, () => console.log(`Output in file '${output}'`)
        );
      }
   }
);

Ejecución:

[~/.../ssh2-hello(master)]$ node simp-reto-async-reading-multiple-files.js
Output in file 'out'
[~/.../ssh2-hello(master)]$ cat in1
in1
hi!
[~/.../ssh2-hello(master)]$ cat in2
in2
[~/.../ssh2-hello(master)]$ cat out
in1
hi!
in2

¿Como lograría resolver este problema si no dispusiera de `async.js`?

Filter

async.filter(
    ['file1','file2','file3'],
    (filePath, callback) => {
      fs.access(filePath,  err => callback(null,  !err));  // Tests a user's permissions for file
    },  
    function(err, results)  {
      // results now equals an array of the existing files
   }
); 

Documentation of filter

import filter from 'async/filter';

filter(coll, iteratee, callbackopt)

Returns a new array of all the values in coll which pass an async truth test.
This operation is performed in parallel, but the results array will be in the same order as the original.
iteratee is a truth test to apply to each item in coll.
- The iteratee is invoked with (item, callback)
- It is passed a callback(err, truthValue), which must be called with a boolean argument once it has completed

Parallel

async.parallel(
   [
     (callback) => {
        setTimeout(() => { callback(null, 'one'); }, 200);
     },
     (callback) => {
        setTimeout(() => { callback(null, 'two'); }, 100);
     }
  ],
  // optional callback
  (err, results) => {
    // the results array will equal ['one','two'] even though
    // the second function had a shorter timeout.
});

Documentation of Parallel

    import parallel from 'async/parallel';

    parallel(tasks, callbackopt)

Run the tasks collection of functions in parallel, without waiting until the previous function has completed.
If any of the functions pass an error to its callback, the main callback is immediately called with the value of the error.
Once the tasks have completed, the results are passed to the final callback as an array.

Hint: Use reflect to continue the execution of other tasks when a task fails.

It is also possible to use an object instead of an array

Each property will be run as a function and the results will be passed to the final callback as an object instead of an array.

This can be a more readable way of handling results from async.parallel

// an example using an object instead of an array
async.parallel({
    one: function(callback) {
        setTimeout(function() {
            callback(null, 1);
        }, 200);
    },
    two: function(callback) {
        setTimeout(function() {
            callback(null, 2);
        }, 100);
    }
}, function(err, results) {
    // results is now equals to: {one: 1, two: 2}
});

Example:

[~/.../Asyncjs]$ cat parallelTimers.js

const async = require ('async');
const start = new Date;
async.parallel([
  function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 100); },
  function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 300); },
  function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 200); }
], function(err, results) {
  console.log('Completed in ' + (new Date - start) + 'ms');
});

Execution:

[~/.../async-js-book/Asyncjs]$ node parallelTimers.js
Completed in 305ms

Series

async.series([
    function(callback) {
        // do some stuff ...
        callback(null, 'one');
    },
    function(callback) {
        // do some more stuff ...
        callback(null, 'two');
    }
],
// optional callback
function(err, results) {
    // results is now equal to ['one', 'two']
});

Documentation of series

series(tasks, callbackopt)

import series from 'async/series';

Run the functions in the tasks collection in series, each one running once the previous function has completed.
If any functions in the series pass an error to its callback, no more functions are run, and callback is immediately called with the value of the error.
Otherwise, callback receives an array of results when tasks have completed.

It is also possible to use an object instead of an array

async.series({
    one: function(callback) {
        setTimeout(function() {
            callback(null, 1);
        }, 200);
    },
    two: function(callback){
        setTimeout(function() {
            callback(null, 2);
        }, 100);
    }
}, function(err, results) {
    // results is now equal to: {one: 1, two: 2}
});

Each property will be run as a function, and the results will be passed to the final callback as an object instead of an array.

This can be a more readable way of handling results from async.series.

Note that while many implementations preserve the order of object properties, the ECMAScript Language Specification explicitly states that

The mechanics and order of enumerating the properties is not specified.

So if you rely on the order in which your series of functions are executed, and want this to work on all platforms, consider using an array.

Example

[~/.../async-js-book/Asyncjs]$ cat seriesTimers.js

const async = require ('async');

const start = new Date;

async.series([
  function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 100); },
  function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 300); },
  function(callback) { setTimeout(callback, 200); }
], function(err, results) {
  // show time elapsed since start
  console.log('Completed in ' + (new Date - start) + 'ms');
});

[~/.../async-js-book/Asyncjs]$ node seriesTimers.js
Completed in 618ms

Queue

See Async.js: queue

Creates a queue object with the specified concurrency. Tasks added to the queue are processed in parallel (up to the concurrency limit). If all worker’s are in progress, the task is queued until one becomes available. Once a worker completes a task, that task’s callback is called.

[~/.../async-js-book/Asyncjs]$ cat queue-example.js

const async = require("async");
const ir = (min, max) =>  Math.round((Math.random() * (max - min) + min))
const d = new Date();
const makeCb = (str) => (err => console.log('finished processing '+str+' '+(new Date() - d)));

const worker = (task, callback) => {
    setTimeout(
      () => {
        console.log('hello ' + task.name);
        callback();
      },ir(0,1000) // Wait a random time
    )
};

// create a queue object with concurrency 2
const q = async.queue(worker, 2);

/*
 q.drain: a function that sets a callback that is called when the last item
          from the queue has returned from the worker.
  If the callback is omitted, q.drain() returns a promise for the next occurrence.
*/
q.drain(function() {
    console.log('worker finished and queue is empty');
});

// assign an error callback
q.error(function(err, task) {
    console.error('task experienced an error '+err);
});

[~/.../async-js-book/Asyncjs]$ node queue-example.js
hello ear
finished processing ear 709
hello bar
finished processing bar 961
hello foo
finished processing foo 976
hello baz
finished processing item 1186
hello bay
finished processing item 1316
hello bax
finished processing item 1323
worker finished and queue is empty

Desarrollo y Mantenimiento de Sistemas Informáticos

The Async Module

Map

Ejemplo: Concatenación de ficheros

¿Como lograría resolver este problema si no dispusiera de async.js?

Filter

Parallel

It is also possible to use an object instead of an array

Example:

Series

It is also possible to use an object instead of an array

Example

Queue

¿Como lograría resolver este problema si no dispusiera de `async.js`?